The joy of giving in a firm - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2042 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Marketing Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? The Joy of Giving mainly emphasizes a number of ways to reward the employees on a small scale, which has proven to be more effective than large bonuses for many companies. In companies, when the need to make every employee feel an important part of the organization becomes a priority, such gestures which are on an individual or group level play a vital role in fulfilling the need. This are also known as Motivators as they help in boosting the morale of employees and keeps them motivated and driven to fulfill the organizations goals , along with their own personal goals. Motivation is the result of the internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be interested in and committed to a job, role, or subject and to exert persistent effort in attaining a goal. It results from factors like the intensity of desire or need, the incentive or reward value of the goal and the expectations of the individual. There are many motivation theorie s which support the gift giving behavior in the Joy of Giving, however, the study conducted in this paper will be of three of the renowned studies, and discuss them in detail while critically analyzing the methods used in the case study. Frederick Herzbergs Two Factor theory (Kalleberg, A., 1977, pp. 124-143) about the motivation of the employees relates to that certain factors in the work place, which according to him lead to the presence of Job Satisfaction in employees in an organization. The specific factors might vary for every individual; the presence of these will motivate employees and the absence of these would lead to de-motivation among the employees. They will not add much value when they are present, but will cause a lot of damage psychologically to the employees which can result in lower productivity and level of output for the employees. However, they can be distinguished into two major categories, which include: Motivators These include the factors which lea d to positive satisfaction. The main motivators for most people would be challenging work which requires effort and the successful completion of the tasks would lead to a sense of achievement. This sense of achievement is important according to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Also, recognition of work well done would also be a motivating factor, as the employees get acknowledged for the work they do. This gives them the confidence that the work they do is being noticed and is given importance by the organization. Hygiene Factors The other type of factor is the hygiene factor which includes elements like salary, job security, status and fringe benefits. These are the factors, when missing from the organization give immense dissatisfaction to the employees. This Motivator-Hygiene Theory supports the gift giving behavior in the companies mentioned in the Joy of Living. The employees of Brassiere retailer, Bravissimo, have to deal with customers on a regular basis, and in the servi ce industry, the higher the level of service, the higher the customer loyalty, the better the sales. Therefore, it is even more important in the service industry that the employees understand and implement the vision and the mission of the company policy. There is a difference in fulfilling the job description and taking ownership of the job and going beyond by doing what is best for the organization. The extra mile is taken by the employees when they know they will be rewarded and recognized for it. For this, the company needs to keep the employees satisfied and motivated. One way of doing this, according to the Herzbergs Two Factor Theory is by providing them with motivators, like the little gifts that Bravissimo is already giving to its employees. Bravissimo does not randomly hand out gifts, its a part of the well thought out strategy. They give gifts when at the times when the employee needs to be made felt special. Holiday times, birthdays always have the soft corner in ever yones lives, and when noticed and celebrated by small, thoughtful gestures like a bottle of champagne, chocolate snowmen at Christmas, etc., by the company leads to a strong goodwill, and a loyalty, which is rarely replaceable by generic bonuses to all. The additional factor that Bravissimo takes into account is the factor that it takes feedback from the employees to keep its gift giving up to date, and in tune with the needs of the employees, and corrects its policy wherever its employees feel it is lacking. Another theory that supports the acts of companies like Peppermint PR, which is a communications firm and gives out special rewards to an employee working harder than usual, or going beyond their job description, is the positive reinforcement theory which is a part of the Operant Conditioning. Operant Conditioning is when the environment is operated upon, and the consequences are then maintained. In simpler words, a few factors in the environment are changed, which the n leads to the required behavior. The four contexts of the Operant conditioning are listed and discussed below in an organizational setting. Positive Reinforcement This is a form of reinforcement which is used to encourage certain wanted behavior of the employees. For example, the employer would want the employees to go the extra mile to provide better services to their customers, achieve the necessary goal in the time allocated, etc. Such behavior is encouraged by the organization, when it is followed by a stimulus that is rewarding to the employees, which then leads to a repetition in that behavior. For example, a difficult task when achieved within the deadline by an employee can be awarded with an additional bonus, or the effort can be acknowledged at the Reward and Recognition Night of the Company. Negative Reinforcement Such reinforcement is to again encourage certain behavior, but instead of rewarding, it continuously gives a negative stimulus, which is only remov ed when the certain required behavior is achieved. For example, in the case of an employee, s/he will have a portion of his salary removed till s/he is able to achieve the task at hand within the time allocated to the employee and with the resources allocated. Positive Punishment Positive Punishment is used to discourage an action, this occurs when an action is followed by an unwanted reaction. For example, if an employee falls short on the job, the supervisor can then have a meeting with him/her to give him/her a warning. This will ensure that the employee does not slack off on the job again. Negative Punishment This is to discourage an action by taking away a wanted stimulus. For example, a portion of the salary will be deducted from the employees paycheck, followed by an unwanted behavior. Keeping in accordance with the Positive Reinforcement theory from Operant Conditioning, the Peppermint PR gives out thoughtful gifts to appreciate some work, or extra help that a n employee provided to the organization, or to another employee, as stated by Carolyn Axtell To be singled outÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.more likely to motivate someone to repeat same positive actions. The factor that Peppermint PR keeps as most important is that individuals should be highlighted, and the gifts should be given soon after the positive behavior demonstrated. According to the Alderfers ERG theory (Boshoff, C. Arnold, C., 2002, pg. 677- 719) there are three types of needs, existence, relatedness needs and growth needs. Existence refers to basic needs that are required for an employee to keep working. Relatedness need refers to the social environment that an employee craves for. Growth refers to the desire for the personal achievement that an employees from a job. A basic salary covers the basic needs, a thriving office environment and culture covers the relatedness needs, whereas, the reward and recognition which leads to the sense of achievement is the highes t stage of the three needs. Growth need is very important, and small token of appreciation, such as the gift giving in the companies, can also be used to create that necessary sense of achievement which motivates the employees and drives them to further achieve goals and tasks allocated to them. The gift giving behavior of the companies mentioned, is supported by all three theories. Every theory accepts the need of the basic factor which makes employees join the labor force and an organization, however, more than that is required to keep the employee satisfied, motivated and productive. The pushing factor may vary for different employees in different organizations, however, the gift giving behavior is enjoyed and appreciated by the employees of the above mentioned companies. 2) Reward defined in simple terms is the return for service, or merit. The reward in order to be effective, and noticed, needs to be tangible enough to be seen as recognition of the service or merit. One of the myths from Pffeffer (1998 b, pp. 9-13), is that people work for money. This myth has been believed by people for centuries now. That has been the reason why to reward employees; the employers give the employees the bonuses or raises in the salaries. However, according to the Alderfers ERG theory (2002, pp.677-719), after the existence needs have been fulfilled, other needs like relatedness and growth need to be fulfilled, otherwise, there is no satisfaction in the job. The basic salary is the existence need, but other needs also need to be catered to, to keep the employee motivated. For loyalty, and for rewarding employees, companies like Madgex appreciate the work of the employees with cakes. Such gestures are said to cater to the other needs of the employees, which a basic salary does not fulfill. Hawthorne Studies (Frank Kaul, 1978, pp. 623-643), provides a theory quite contrary to the one which has been implemented by Madgex. Hawthorne Studies cut out the breaks of the employees, and brought the women back to longer working hours. This, contrary to popular belief, instead of reducing productivity, it gradually increased it. When studied in detail, it was concluded that the social environment also helps in the productivity of the employees, where they can create the atmosphere of their own choice, where they can socialize, talk, and enjoy the atmosphere they work in. The raised self-esteem of the employees was the reason why the productivity increased. The conclusion of the Hawthorne Studies, (Frank Kaul, 1978) proves that monetary benefits, or material gifts are not always the ones that will lead to an increase in motivation and productivity, a factor like the work environment can also prove to be of great significance. In some cases, to make the employees work harder, factors other than material benefits might need to altered, and in such scenarios, no number of gifts would increase productivity or motivation. The method of giving g ifts, may not be the most appropriate to increase the self esteem of the employees. If the employees perceive the gifts to be of little value, cheap or meaningless, they will not add value to the employees self esteem, and might even prove to be unfavorable. For example, Recruitment manager at Metaswitch believes that generic gifts should be given to the employees as they would have broader appeal. This would have little value for the employees if the gift is as generic as a bonus, and is not even that value adding. If the employees start perceiving that the gifts are being given to the favorites of the employers, then instead of seeming as a reward, they will start resenting it. If given to too many employees, then the employees who will not receive it will be de-motivated and it might raise a level of frustration. A similar policy is followed at Bravissimo where little-and-often approach is followed while giving out gifts. When these rewards come too often, they become expected and lose their value, and the reason for the gift giving gets nullified. This, instead of increasing motivation will decrease the morale of the employees. There are advantages of giving gifts to employees, but there are also cons if the gift giving strategy is not thoroughly thought out and major factors like the time interval and the number of recipients is not considered. If handled well, the gifts can lift morale, if not, and then it can lead to adverse consequences for the organization and the self esteem of the employees. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The joy of giving in a firm" essay for you Create order

The Harlem Renaissance Essay - 1086 Words

The Harlem Renaissance was a time of great commotion spanning the 1920s, also known as the â€Å"New Negro Movement.† One of the more well-known movers and shakers of the Harlem Renaissance is Langston Hughes. He amongst other artist brought new forms of black cultural expressions into urban areas that had been affected by The Great Migration. Harlem was the largest area affected by said Great Migration. Though the Harlem Renaissance was centered in Harlem the power and strength contained in the words of artist such as Langston Hughes reached Paris and even the Caribbean. Langston Hughes was a key figure in the Harlem Renaissance movement. His vast amounts of work are what brought attention to the struggles and realities of the time†¦show more content†¦In addition words as strong as these written by Langston Hughes bring attention to the struggles and the harsh reality black people were made to face. One of the more pressing issues that can still be seen to this da y is racial passing. 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Buyer Behavior Demographic Variables

Question: Describe about the Buyer Behavior for Demographic Variables. Answer: Introduction Consumer buying behavior is related to mixture of preferences, attitude and decision making process when consumers take an initiation of purchasing a particular product (Chatterjee 2013). Various external and internal factors influence the buying behavior of the customers. The study is chosen car product in which consumer buying behavior will be explained. This analysis will be based on reality and household customers having sustainable job is chosen on which the research will be made. In this study, different internal factors will be discussed that influence the purchasing decision of customers in case of car product. On the other hand, the study will also analyze some external factors, whConsumer buying behavior is related to mixture of preferences, attitude and decision making process when consumers take an initiation of purchasing a particular product (Chatterjee 2013). Various external and internal factors influence the buying behavior of the customers. The study is chosen car p roduct in which consumer buying behavior will be explained.ich have major impact on the car purchase decision making of the customers. Internal Influences Various types of internal factors may affect buying behavior of consumers. Internal factors of consumer behavior are something that drives mind of consumers internally through their own thinking and experiences (Shekhar and Raveendran 2013). Car is one of the most important major purchases made by the household consumers. Various types of internal factors influences the buying behavior of household who want to purchase car and these factors are explained below: Perception Perception is the way the consumers understand, regard and interpret something to be purchased. Perception is related to prejudging the attributes of the products to be purchased by the consumers. Through the process of pre-judging, the consumers categorize the car product based on information gathered about the products. Selective attention of perception defines that consumers will be more like to attend to those stimuli that are related to their needs. In case of car purchase, the household customers will pay attention to car manufacturing advertisement (Hasan and Nasreen 2012). In case of car product, two different people may not interpret the same stimulus in same way. Every individual have different perception based on their attitude, belief, state of mind and experience. It is called perception distortion in which consumers of car product usually tend to select branded cars. According to Sakkthivel and Porkodi (2013), consumers do not hold all the information in their mind they have been exposed to by the organizations. Selective retention in car perspective, means that consumer tend to keep only those information in mind that meets their needs. On the other hand, Holland and Mandry (2013) opined that in order to rationalize the concept of brand retention, the car organizations usually use repetitive advertisement by exploring the benefits of the cars. Perception of car consumers is also affected by the previous experiences of the consumers in using the cars that is in terms price and comfortableness. Learning According to Prakash and Pathak (2014), learning in consumer buying behavior is related to the changes in the mind of consumers that is arose from the experience of the product. On the other hand, Malik et al. (2013) opined that learning process in car product purchase is related to acquiring new knowledge and modifying the existing knowledge through synthesizing various type of information in terms of experiences. According to Wu, Liao and Chatwuthikrai (2014), operant theory of learning describes that the customers buying behavior of the customers purchase is depended on positive and negative reinforcement of the products. In case of car purchasing, the household customers become interested in buying car repeatedly, if they have positive reinforcement with car experience. On the other hand, the customers will not be interested in repeating their car buying, if they feel uncomfortable like in term of sitting arrangement and the mileage that the car provide. Increasing demand and goo d image of car products are always related to positive reinforcement of the customers. Motivation According to Modi and Jhulka (2012), motivation is one of the important internal influences that drive the mind of the customer in purchasing something. On the other hand, Menon (2012) opined that a need tend to become a motive of the customers when it reaches to a certain level of intensity. In case of purchasing a car, the motivation of the household customers is related to creation of such kinds of needs by the organizations that drive them towards purchasing car. In order to buy a car the psychological needs of the customer has to be fulfilled properly. These psychological needs are related to core wants and secondary wants of the customers to be fulfilled. When these household customers see that a particular car would meet these two kinds of needs, then they would be motivated for buying that car. Therefore, many car manufacturer organizations tend to incorporate protection in car and less fuel consumption technology for saving the income of the household customers (Spurling et al. 2013). These features of cars meets the core needs of the customers from car manufacturer organizations, which drive the customers take buying decision. On the other hand, as secondary needs of the customers, the car manufacturer organizations usually incorporate the features like elegance in style and standard in looking. Personality and Attitude According to Chavan and Changan (2016), personality and attitude are the specific characteristic and behavior within each people that make them different from others. On the other hand, Rezvani et al. (2012) opined that personality and attitude of people are the mix of physiological and psychological characteristics that results in constant behavior of the individuals. Personality and attitude changes from individual to individual, place to place and time to time, which is dependent on self-confidence, aggressiveness and dominance of individuals. According to Prakash and Pathak (2014), in case of car purchasing, the personality of customers may be different form one customer to another in terms of having low price, empathy, great value and indulgences. In order to meet the demand of getting low priced car, many organizations launched low priced car through compromising some other features of cars. On the other hand, there are many customers in car industry, who believe in standardiza tion of life and getting innovative quality feature from cars. Therefore, the car manufacturing organization like Honda and BMW series have started to incorporate some unique features in their cars that are in terms of improved audio systems within car, push-button starting and keyless entry. External Influences External factors in consumer purchasing decision making is related to the factors that influence the buying decision of consumers externally. Some of external factors that influence the buying decision of customers in case of car purchasing are explained below: Group Influence The act of taking decision in purchasing of something is not only related to psychological factors and life style of the customers, but also it is influenced by people around the customer to which they interacts in daily basis and the people in which the customers belongs to. According to Modi and Jhulka (2012), the reference group is that group with which the customers interact in daily basis. The power of reference group in on the purchasing decision of customers is extremely powerful. In case of car purchasing, primary reference group of the customers are related to family members, office colleges and neighbors of the customers. When a person want to take a decision of purchasing a car, then the opinion of these primary reference groups become very important through showing their preferences over the features of the car. On the other hand, people may sometimes take the decision of purchasing a car using secondary reference group. These groups are the people, to which the people in teracts occasionally but their opinion is very important in buying decision (Chavan and Changan 2016). In case of car purchasing, sometimes customers want to buy car by seeing the example of celebrities, who is a role model to the customers. Culture According to Menon (2012), cultural factors are the comprised set of ideologies and values of a particular group of community. Culture of individual decides the ways in which a particular person behaves. On the other hand, Hasan and Nasreen (2012) opined that individual learn from his/her parent and community from the childhood that become the culture of the person ultimately. Therefore, the purchasing decision of the customers is also affected by the particular culture in which they belong to. In case of car, purchasing cultural factors has also a crucial affect in terms of buying various sizes and standard car. Economic development leads to various cultures in the countries. In this culture, traditional people will like to buy traditional cars and modern people will love to adopt new types of car with innovative quality. Apart from that, the purchasing decision of customers is also affected by the size of the families. In case of eastern culture, the household customers are tending to buy big sized car, as they have a tendency of joint family (Shekhar and Raveendran 2013). On the other hand, in western culture, due to single-family trend, household customers are tending to buy small and modern looking cars. Conclusion While concluding the study, it can be said that various external and internal factors affects the purchasing behavior of the customers. In case of car purchasing, the customers are highly affected by the perception they made from their previous experience in case of comfortableness. On the other hand, the features like price and fuel efficiencies of cars motivate the customers in purchasing a particular car. Personality and attitude of the customers highly effects the purchasing decision of cars. The people having standard personality tend to buy quality and standard car even if it is expensive. Among the external influences of purchasing decision, referent groups are highly influential to the customers in purchasing a car, where a customer buys his or her car through seeing a role model. Reference List Chatterjee, S., 2013. A Study of Demographic Variables Affecting Consumer Buying Behaviour with Reference to Synthetic Detergents.Indian Journal of Marketing,43(5), pp.58-63. Chavan, R.R. and Changan, A., 2016. Buying Behaviour of Students in Two Wheelers.A Journal of research articles in management science and allied areas (refereed),9(1), pp.12-23. Hasan, U. and Nasreen, R., 2012. Cognitive dissonance and its impact on consumer buying behaviour.IOSR Journal of Business and Management,1(4), pp.07-12. Holland, C.P. and Mandry, G.D., 2013, January. Online search and buying behaviour in consumer markets. InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on(pp. 2918-2927). IEEE. Malik, M.E., Ghafoor, M.M., Iqbal, H.K., Ali, Q., Hunbal, H., Noman, M. and Ahmad, B., 2013. Impact of brand image and advertisement on consumer buying behavior.World Applied Sciences Journal,23(1), pp.117-122. Menon, B., 2012. Parameters and framework development to study consumer behaviour patterns of passenger cars.Drishtikon: A Management Journal,3(1), p.26. Modi, S. and Jhulka, T., 2012. Consumer buying behaviour: Changing shopping patterns.Int. J. Bus. Manag. Eco. Res,3(3), pp.527-530. Prakash, G. and Pathak, P., 2014. Understanding Rural Buying Behaviour: A Study with Special Reference to FMCG Products.Indian Journal of Marketing,44(8), pp.43-55. Rezvani, S., Dehkordi, G.J., Rahman, M.S., Fouladivanda, F., Habibi, M. and Eghtebasi, S., 2012. A conceptual study on the country of origin effect on consumer purchase intention.Asian Social Science,8(12), p.205. Sakkthivel, A.M. and Porkodi, S., 2013. What influence consumer buying behaviour towards organised retailing in a growing competitive marketing environment? An exploratory study on the impacting variables of Indian consumers.International Journal of Electronic Finance,7(3-4), pp.281-298. Shekhar, S.K. and Raveendran, P.T., 2013. Role of packaging cues on consumer buying behaviour.International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences,4(1), pp.61-69. Spurling, N., McMeekin, A., Shove, E., Southerton, D. and Welch, D., 2013. Interventions in practice: re-framing policy approaches to consumer behaviour.Manchester: Sustainable Practices Research Group. Wu, W.Y., Liao, Y.K. and Chatwuthikrai, A., 2014. Applying conjoint analysis to evaluate consumer preferences toward subcompact cars.Expert Systems with Applications,41(6), pp.2782-2792.